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Linux: Find Alternative Superblocks
In Linux, you can use the fsck command to find alternative superblocks on a file system. The superblock is a critical data structure that contains information about the file system, including the number of blocks, the size of the file system, and a list of inodes. If the superblock is damaged, the f
Ubuntu: Rename an Account [ User ID ]
To rename an account in Ubuntu, you can use the usermod command. The usermod command allows you to modify the properties of a user account, including the username. Here's how to rename an account in Ubuntu:rn rn Open a terminal window. rn Type the following command to rename the account, replacin
Linux Change Password
In Linux, you can change your password using the passwd command. The passwd command is used to change the password for a user account. Here's how to change your password in Linux:rn rn Open a terminal window. rn Type the following command and press enter: rn rn rn passwdrn rn rn rn Enter your cur
Restart Apache 2 In Mac OS X
You can restart Apache 2 in Mac OS X using the Terminal. Here's how:rn rn Open the Terminal application. You can find it in the Utilities folder within the Applications folder. rn Type the following command to stop Apache 2: rn rn rn rn sudo apachectl stop rn rn rnYou will be prompted for your passw
Kill Process In Ubuntu Linux
In Ubuntu Linux, you can use the kill command to terminate a process. The kill command sends a signal to a process, which terminates the process. By default, the kill command sends the SIGTERM signal, which asks the process to gracefully terminate. Here's an example of how to use the kill command
Verify: SSL Certificate Under OpenSSL
You can verify an SSL certificate using the OpenSSL command-line tool. Here’s an example of how you can verify a certificate: n n n openssl s_client - connect yourdomain.com: 443 n n n This will establish a connection to the domain yourdomain.com on port 443 (which is the default port for HTTP
nginx: Create HTTP 503 Maintenance Custom Page
You can create a custom 503 maintenance page in Nginx by using the error_page directive and creating a custom error page. Here's an example of how you can create a custom 503 maintenance page in Nginx:rn rn Create a custom error page file with the desired content, for example 503.html . Place it
Linux Block Port With IPtables Command
You can block access to a specific port in Linux using the iptables command. Here's an example of how you can block access to port 22 (which is used for SSH access) with iptables :rn rn rn iptables - A INPUT - p tcp --dport 22 -j DROPrn rn rnThis will add a new rule to the INPUT chain, which specifi
Linux / UNIX: mplayer Play mp3s From a Playlist File
rn rn rn rn rn You can use mplayer to play MP3 files from a playlist file in Linux or Unix. To do this, you'll need to create a playlist file that contains the list of MP3 files that you want to play. Here's an example of how you can create a playlist file:rn rn rn # Create a file named "play
Mediawiki Fix Internal Server Host Names / Redirection In shared Hosting or Proxy Setup
If you have a MediaWiki installation in a shared hosting environment or behind a proxy, you may encounter issues with internal server host names and redirection. Here are some steps you can take to resolve these issues:rn rn Modify the $wgServer setting in your LocalSettings.php file: rn rn rn rn $w
HowTo: Bash For While Loop Through File Contents Script
Here is a basic script in bash for looping through the contents of a file using a while loop:rn rn rn #!/bin/bash # specify the file you want to read rnfilename= "file.txt" # open the file using a file descriptor rn # the -r option is to read the file rn exec 3<&0rn exec 0< $file
Linux / UNIX: Bash Loop Forever
In a Linux or Unix shell, you can create an infinite loop using the while loop. The syntax for the while loop is as follows:rn rn rn while true ; do rn rn rn ...rndonern rn rnHere, true is a command that always returns a successful exit status (0), so the loop will continue to execute indefinitely u
OpenBSD Command: See PCI Device Information
In OpenBSD, you can see information about the PCI devices on your system by using the "pcictl" command. This command provides information about the PCI buses, PCI devices, and PCI functions present on the system. To display information about all PCI devices on the system, run the following comman
How To – Linux Disable a User Account Command
To disable a user account on Linux, you can use the usermod command. The usermod command allows you to modify the attributes of a user account. To disable a user account, you can add the -L option to the usermod command. For example, to disable the user account named user1 , you would run the fol
Ubuntu Linux: Start / Restart / Stop Nginx Web Server
To manage the Nginx web server on Ubuntu Linux, you can use the following commands:rn rn Start Nginx: rn rn rn rn sudo service nginx start rn rn rn rn Restart Nginx: rn rn rn rn sudo service nginx restartrn rn rn rn Stop Nginx: rn rn rn rn sudo service nginx stop rn rn rnNote that these commands req
Ubuntu: SIOCADDRT: File exists Error and Solution
The "SIOCADDRT: File exists" error message in Ubuntu (and other Linux distributions) occurs when you try to add a route to the system routing table that already exists. This error message indicates that the system is unable to add the new route because it conflicts with an existing route. To reso
HowTo: Linux Mount devpts File System On /dev/pts
The devpts file system is a virtual file system in Linux used to provide access to the terminal’s pseudo-terminal master-slave pairs. To mount the devpts file system on /dev/pts , use the following command: n n n mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts n n n This will mount the devpts file system on /
Bash Configure Automatic Logout [ Linux / Unix / Apple OS X ]
You can configure automatic logout in the bash shell by setting the TMOUT environment variable. The value of this variable specifies the number of seconds of inactivity after which the shell will log out automatically. To set automatic logout for your current session, you can use the following co
Linux / UNIX: Speed up SSH X11 Forwarding
SSH X11 Forwarding can be slow, especially over long distances or low-bandwidth connections. To speed up SSH X11 Forwarding, you can make the following optimizations:rn rn Compression: Enable compression on the SSH connection by adding the -C option to the ssh command. rn rn rn rn $ ssh -C user @hos
Linux / UNIX kill unresponsive hung SSH session
To kill an unresponsive or hung SSH session in Linux or UNIX, you can use the following command: n n n $ kill -9 <PID> n n n Replace <PID> with the process ID of the SSH session. You can find the PID by using the following command: n n n $ ps -ef | grep ssh n n n This will list all the r
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