To display or echo the PATH environment variable in Linux/UNIX/*BSD, you can use the echo command in the terminal. The PATH variable contains a colon-separated list of directories that the system searches for executables. Here are the steps to display the PATH variable: Open a terminal window. Type the following command: echo $PATH This will … Read more

To add a new directory to the PATH environment variable in Linux, you can follow these steps: Open a terminal window. Check your current PATH by running the following command: echo $PATH This will display a list of directories separated by colons. These directories are searched in order when you type a command in the … Read more

When you use a reverse proxy or load balancer with Lighttpd, the IP address of the client may be hidden or obscured in the server logs. To log the real IP address of the client, you can use the mod_extforward module in Lighttpd. Here’s how to configure mod_extforward to log the real IP address of … Read more

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a protocol used for network management and monitoring. You can install and configure the SNMP daemon (snmpd) service on a Debian or Ubuntu Linux system to monitor various aspects of the system’s performance, such as CPU usage, memory usage, and network traffic. Here’s how to install and configure snmpd … Read more

Port redirection (also known as port forwarding) is a useful technique for redirecting traffic from one port to another on a Linux system using the iptables firewall. Here’s an example of how to set up port redirection using iptables. Let’s say you have a web server running on port 8080, but you want to make … Read more

To check the amount of RAM installed on your Ubuntu Linux system, you can use the free command. Here’s how: Open a terminal window by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T on your keyboard. Type the following command and press Enter: free -h The -h option will display the output in a human-readable format, making it easier to read. … Read more

You can find the amount of RAM installed on your Linux system using the free and top commands. Method 1: Using the free command The free command displays information about the system’s total and used memory (both RAM and swap space). To view the RAM size in kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, use the -h option … Read more

In Linux, you can create a software RAID 1 (mirror) array using the mdadm utility. Here are the steps to create a RAID 1 array: Check the current disk configuration using the fdisk command: # fdisk -l Partition the disks that will be used in the RAID array using the fdisk command: # fdisk /dev/sdb … Read more

To shut down a Linux server, you can use the shutdown command. This command sends a message to all logged-in users, gives them a grace period to save their work, and then shuts down the system. To shut down the system immediately, you can use the following command as the root user: # shutdown -h … Read more

By default, Debian and Ubuntu record boot messages to the system log. The system log is stored in the file /var/log/syslog and contains messages from the kernel and other system services. To view the boot messages in Debian or Ubuntu, you can open a terminal window and type the following command: $ dmesg This will … Read more