To find out when a package was installed or updated on a Debian or Ubuntu system, you can use the dpkg command in the terminal. The dpkg command provides information about the packages installed on your system, including the installation date and time. To see the installation date of a specific package, run the following … Read more

The vulnerabilities CVE-2016-0777 and CVE-2016-0778 in the OpenSSH client were fixed in version 7.2p2 and later. To patch and protect against these vulnerabilities, you need to upgrade your OpenSSH client to a version that includes the fix. Here are the steps to upgrade the OpenSSH client on a Linux system: Check your current version of … Read more

To use the curl command with a proxy username and password on Linux/Unix, you can use the following syntax: curl –proxy [proxy-username:proxy-password@]proxy-server-URL [URL] For example, to make a request to https://www.example.com using a proxy server proxy.example.com with a username of user and password of pass, you would run the following command: curl –proxy user:pass@proxy.example.com https://www.example.com … Read more

In Ubuntu Linux, you can check the cron log file for errors or messages by viewing the /var/log/cron.log file. This file contains information about when cron jobs are executed and their results. You can view the contents of the file with the following command: sudo less /var/log/cron.log This will show you the contents of the … Read more

To enable colorized output for the ls command in the macOS X Terminal, you need to add the following line to your shell configuration file (e.g. ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bashrc): export CLICOLOR=1 This will enable colorized output for the ls command in the terminal. If you don’t have any of these files, create a new one … Read more

To block an IP address with ufw on an Ubuntu Linux server, follow these steps: Open a terminal window Check the status of ufw with the following command: sudo ufw status If ufw is not enabled, enable it with the following command: sudo ufw enable Block the IP address with the following command: sudo ufw … Read more

The Linux kernel vulnerability CVE-2016-0728 is a race condition that can allow a local attacker to escalate their privileges and gain root access to the system. The vulnerability affects Linux kernels versions 3.8 and above. To patch this vulnerability, you should update your Linux kernel to a version that includes the fix. Here’s how you … Read more

Here’s an example of a simple “Hello World” bash shell script: #!/bin/bash echo “Hello World” To run the script, save it to a file with a .sh extension, make the file executable using the chmod command, and then run the file. For example, to save the script to a file named hello.sh, you would run … Read more

To check the disk space usage on a Linux system, you can use the df command. The basic syntax is as follows: df -h The -h option makes the output human-readable, showing sizes in a format like 1G instead of 10241024. The output of the df command shows information about the disk space usage of … Read more

To find the chmod numerical value (also known as the file permission mode) for a file or directory on FreeBSD, use the stat command with the %A format specifier. For example, to find the chmod value for a file named file.txt, you would run the following command: stat -f %A file.txt This will return the … Read more