How to sed remove last character from each line

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To remove the last character from each line using the sed command, you can use the following command:

sed 's/.$//' file.txt

This command will use the s command to perform a substitution, replacing the last character in the line (.$) with nothing (//). The result will be the original line with the last character removed.

You can also use the tr command to remove the last character from each line:

tr -d '\n' < file.txt

You can also use awk command to remove the last character from each line:

awk '{sub(/.$/,"")}1' file.txt

You can also use cut command to remove the last character from each line:

cut -c 1- file.txt

Note that these commands will remove the last character from each line of the file in-place, so if you want to save the changes to a new file, you’ll need to redirect the output to a new file.

Ubuntu 22.04/20.04 update installed packages for security

To update all installed packages to their latest versions, including security updates, on Ubuntu 22.04 or 20.04, you can use the following command:

sudo

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